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Étienne Lombard (1869–1920) was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who discovered the Lombard effect, in which a person's voice is involuntarily raised when speaking in a loud environment.〔Lane H, Tranel B. (1971). The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech. ''J Speech Hear Res'' 14:677-709. (abstract )〕〔Lombard É. (1909). Letter to the Academy of Sciences, No. 7527, August 30 (cited by Lane and Tranel 1971 page 678).〕〔Lombard É. (1911), "Le signe de l'élévation de la voix" (English trans: "The sign of voice rise"), ''Annales des Maladies de L’Oreille et du Larynx'', 37 (2): 101-119.〕〔Lermoyez M. (1921) Étienne Lombard. (Paris, 1869-1920). ''Journal of Laryngology & Otology'', 36: 47-48 〕 He was at the Lariboisiere Hospital, the first "oto-rhino-laryngologiste des Hopitaux" in France.〔 He developed new surgical techniques and a new form of bone forceps.〔 During World War I he researched the effects of air blasts upon 600 aviators but was unable to continue this research due to an illness that resulted in his early death.〔 The "symptom of the raised voice" was discovered in 1909.〔 It was made possible by the invention of a device by the Viennese physician Robert Bárány that delivered an intense noise to only one ear and so allowed the monaural examination of the other ear. Using this device Lombard asked a person to start talking in conversation while hearing noise. He found that when the noise began, the person spoke louder, and when the noise stopped, the voice returned to a normal level.〔pp. 678–680 The finding was reported to the French Academy of Sciences in August 1909,〔 and the following year in April to the French Academy of Medicine.〔Lombard É. (1910). Sur un travail du Dr. Lombard, intitulé: Contribution á la Seméiologie de la Surditée, Un Nouveau Signe pour en Devoiler la Simulation, par M. Weiss, rapporteur. Bull. Acad. Nat. Med. (Par.), 64: 127-130, 1910. (trans, Sullivan RF. 1963. Report on Dr. Lombard's Original Research on the Voice Reflex Test for Malingering: Contribution á la Seméiologie de la Surditée, Un Noveau Signe pour en Devoiler la Simulation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 56: 490-492. )〕 However, in 1910 German publications attributed this discovery to Robert Bárány, which led to a dispute in print between them. Priority was established when the English physician, Donald Schearer, described how he carried news of the discovery from Paris to Vienna in November 1909.〔pp. 677–678 Bárány received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1914, for other work. Lombard's discovery is important for four reasons.〔 * It provides a means of detecting malingering by simulated hearing loss * It underlies research into speech communication in noise (an important practical problem) * It helps researchers understand how imitation and speaking are altered by auditory feedback * It identifies a role in speech of processes involving servomechanism. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Étienne Lombard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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